2 Transurethral resection followed by chemotherapy has been regarded as the standard regime for the treatment of NMIBC 3 4 however, this technique also faced some technical challenges (eg, difficult control of cutting depth) and also caused several severe complications (eg, obturator nerve reflex, bladder perforation and iliac vascular injury) 5 6 although it has been developed maturely. 1 Bladder cancer can be classified into muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), and NMIBC accounts for more than 70% bladder cancer. Bladder cancer is one of the most common urological malignant tumour, with an estimated 0.544 million new cases and 0.212 million new death cases worldwide in 2020.
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